Landing a Pharmacy Fellowship

EDIT 2021-May: Looking back now on four years of fellowship recruiting these positions have only become more competitive. Companies are becoming more aggressive in pursuing top candidates (e.g. more offers at MidYear, no on-site interviews). As 2020-2021 interviews were all virtual, it remains to be seen if MidYear will remain a ‘required’ recruiting step or if we will see a wholesale move to companies doing independent recruiting. Even so, the overwhelming majority of the below information still applies, with some updates and relevant additions (e.g. virtual interviewing). Good luck!

Fellowships are hard to get. Typically, less than 15% of fellowship applicants land a position, according to the best statistics that we have, and those are likely generous. Compare this to the historical residency match rate of about 70%; in 2017, of the candidates that matched: 58% matched with their first choice and 80% matched with one of their top two ranked programs [detail]. To put this in perspective, there were approximately 1.5 applicants per available PGY1. Although there is certainly variability here for both residencies and fellowships (more at some programs and less at others), a typical fellowship program will receive 9+ applications per position, sometimes even hundreds.

Having now seen both sides of this recruitment process, I have updated a post I originally authored for the University of Michigan P4 blog with additional information about how to find success as a fellowship applicant, from the perspective of someone who has sat on both sides of the interview table, and that will culminate in a discussion of offers and negotiation.

I don’t expect you to know anything other than “maybe a fellowship might be interesting!”

Okay ready? Let’s go!

Building a Foundation

I. When to Start

The realistic answer to this question is always “the earlier the better.” The sooner you start exploring alternative career paths for pharmacists, connecting with current and past fellows, building your network, and getting questions answered, the better prepared you will be for the formal application process. That said, starting when the application process formally opens in October absolutely does not put you out of the running. If you made the decision to pursue a fellowship a little later. We will discuss networking later, don’t worry.

That said, before you do anything else, you must first:

II. Ask Important Questions of Yourself

This is the single most important step of your preparation by a significant margin and the critical first step in developing your story–the cohesive narrative that illustrates why you want to do be doing this. Your story is the confluence of your experiences, skills, and interests that will ultimately inform how you approach the rest of the this process. Notably, your story will serve as the foundation of your applications and will inform the decisions you make about your curriculum vitae (CV), cover letters, answers to interview questions, questions you ask, what programs you apply to, and where you ultimately end up.

Small aside: What is your story, anyways?

I will refer to your story and narrative throughout this series. This is not something you write our word for word and memorize. This is instead a loose mental grouping of your accomplishments, motivations, goals, skills, interests, and experiences that come in to play when you are considering how to approach a problem.

You will use your story to inform how you tackle this process, write your CV, select programs to apply to, and answer interview questions. Your story is not an answer, it is not your elevator pitch, it is a tool you will draw on to build everything else.

The first, and most important question is this:

Why am I doing this at all?

This question is deceptively simple. This is not an easy process. You will probably lose sleep, have your fair share of anxiety, and spend an enormous amount of time preparing. If you do well, your reward is more anxiety and some long plane rides to on-site interviews. So ask yourself, is this worth it? Why am I going to go through this?

To illustrate, let me share some real answers to related questions that I and my team received during the recruitment process that indicated that the candidate did not adequately answer this question for themselves. As a consequence, they lacked a cohesive narrative that communicated a lackluster motivation for pursuing a fellowship at all, let alone why they felt they would be a good fit for my program. As a bonus, these answers are extremely not memorable!

  • “I hate my job/retail/clinical pharmacy”
  • “Industry seems cool”
  • “I don’t have any other options”
  • “I heard you can make good money”
  • “My friend/roommate/second cousin is doing this”

Even if any and/or all of these were true, these are the kind of answers that demonstrate–at best–surface-level effort. Now consider the following potential thought processes for someone who the first bullet above is their truthful reason for pursuing this career option.

  1. I hate my job –> I need to get out –> this is anywhere else
  2. I hate my job –> I need to get out –> what are my goals and interests –> what kinds of jobs match this –> where could I do those things –> here is a place that matches this kind of work –> now how do I get there

When an interviewer inevitably asks you “Why are you pursuing a fellowship?” and “What appeals to you about our program specifically?” consider the difference in the quality of the responses based on the second line of thinking versus the first. The first results in the answer above and tells me that it doesn’t matter what you do as long as it isn’t that thing you are running from. It tells me that here is as good a place as any.

The second, on the other hand, tells me that you have thought through what your interests and goals are, considered the type of work that would be a good fit, that you have done the legwork to know that this program/position/company is a place that will allow you to reach your goals. You’ve established that we can have a mutually beneficial relationship.

Who would you rather hire?

Finding a positive answer to this question that speaks specifically to you, your experiences, and your goals will inform everything you do and help you find a program that is a good match for what you really want. Presumably, you don’t want just any job; you want one that you will enjoy. Even if you just really, really hate your job, I hope you’ll think about what you want to do instead and why. What is interesting to you? If you don’t know yet, start doing your research (we’ll discuss this later).

Answering this question for yourself is the first step in developing your story–one that you will need to land a fellowship.

What are my goals, and what would an ideal program offer to get me there?

A fellowship is not simply a means to an end; done right, there is significant value in the program itself. Finding one that affords you the opportunities you need to grow in your career will pay dividends. This comes with the added bonus of dramatically improving your odds of finding and landing a position that you enjoy!

Below is, more-or-less, my roughed out parameters  going into the application process when I was applying for fellowships. You’ll notice that I do not state a specialty (i.e. regulatory or medical affairs or drug safety etc.) as I was open to a wide range of specialties. I am still a firm believer that opportunity is far more important than job title or labels (check out Section III for more):

I want to be somewhere that allows me to exercise these strengths but also provides ample opportunity for horizontal development. I am a big picture person and work best when I have a holistic understanding of the system I am working within, tailoring my output to the needs of the next step in the chain. The program should be open to innovation and new ideas and be forward thinking. Ideally, I would be working with or supporting oncology products, my area of interest given my family medical history.

A mission and vision that I can support: this is critical--the mission and vision of a company drives everything that it does at a high level. If this is not something I can get behind it will be difficult to highly engage in my work (Note: this was a deal breaker for several programs).

Professional development opportunities in conference travel, tuition support, leadership opportunities, mentorship, or other that supports the above goal of horizontal development.

I have no geographic restrictions; location agnostic, as programs few and far between, especially given these other requirements. My girlfriend, pursuing managed care residencies (another relative rarity) will have even less control over where she ends up.

One year over two years, wherever possible: I would like to avoid being away from my girlfriend for longer than necessary. Possibly excepting the case where the program is degree-granting or offers a significant benefit for the increased length (not just a teaching certificate).

Specialty is less critical but should be considered. Team, flexibility, and opportunity take precedence.

Compensation: student loans are a real consideration. While I have spent the last four years making significant sacrifices to keep my balance down, avoiding a significant pay-cut where possible would be appreciated (but not required of) a one year program. Two-year programs at this salary level would be significantly de-prioritized unless there was a compelling reason otherwise.

While your parameters don’t necessarily need this level of detail, putting my ideal program in writing allowed me to be deliberate in identifying programs that were most likely to have these characteristics.

What makes me stand out as an applicant?

The unfortunate truth of the 15% statistic is that there are a lot of well-qualified people going for a small number of available positions. Most, if not all, of these candidates are soon-to-be-PharmDs with similar student organizations, clinical rotations, an industry internship, leadership experience, etc. etc. etc. filling their CVs. The resulting homogeneity in applicant experiences can make it difficult for both recruiters to confidently differentiate between and consequently, remember you as a candidate. Therefore, it is important to not only find those things about you and your experiences that make you both memorable, but to specifically apply that knowledge to your narrative.

When a recruiter is deciding between two otherwise identical candidates those seemingly small but interesting things matter. These things aren’t necessarily even pharmacy related! That said, these unique aspects of yourself should be a part of your story. Think about how these skills or experiences set you apart in how you approach and solve problems, or how they are relevant to your goals and interests. Tying these experiences and skills together into that narrative will dramatically improve your ability to stand out. For example, here is a list of qualities that, often mentioned off-hand as part of an otherwise run-of-the-mill interview question that can make a big difference in differentiating yourself:

  • Teach for America, Doctors Without Borders, or similar
  • semester/year/other experiences abroad
  • later return to school for PharmD
  • sport scholarships
  • competition wins
  • hobbies (knitting, judo, climbing, radio, etc.)
  • graphic design; video or music production
  • computer programming
  • non-traditional pre-pharmacy undergraduate degree (e.g. non-STEM)
  • many, many others!

This isn’t to say that your student organization or leadership experiences cannot be differentiating! However, the bar here for accomplishment here is much higher simply due to the nature of this kind of experience and the likelihood that others will share those particular traits.

Small aside: using leadership as a your stand-out experience
Leadership experience is an important component of any application; however, many recruiters will simply look to see that it exists. Holding leadership positions should not be the only experience you draw on, rather, focus on accomplishments gained during your tenure. This is another key reason why I encourage accomplishment-based communication in CVs and in interviews.

Find your hook. Don’t think you have one? You do; think hard!

How can I tell if I am a strong applicant or not?

Part of the benefit of finding your hook and focusing on your differentiating experiences is the benefit of further standing out as an already strong applicant and leveling the playing field a bit if you are not so lucky. Later on, when you are deciding how many programs to apply to, you will need to take an honest assessment of your strength as a candidate.

Making this determination requires an honest, really honest, assessment of your strength as a candidate. This is hard; the entire spectrum from imposter syndrome paranoia on one end to I-met-the-program-director-once cockiness on the other must be minimized. No matter whether the results of your assessment are good or bad you need to strategize and prepare based on this information. To reiterate: honesty with yourself is key.

Mind that none of these attributes are need-to-have (when I am recruiting at least) but that different programs will weigh some attributes differently. With that in mind, these are intended merely as part of a heuristic to estimate your strength as a candidate, not as a checklist! The strongest candidates for our positions tended to have:

  1. one or more pharmaceutical industry or other non-traditional (e.g. managed care) internships, rotations, or other experiences
  2. one or more leadership positions in a student organization(s) with several related organizational accomplishments
  3. one or more relevant personal or research projects

Do grades matter for fellowships?

Certainly less than residencies! Generally, stronger fellowship candidates had stronger academic qualifications as well; however, this is correlation, not causation. Many programs do not care to check so long as you successfully graduate and if a program has a GPA minimum, they are typically generous.

While the degree to which GPA is weighed may certainly vary from program to program, academic strength is usually very low on the list of qualifications fellowship recruiters are looking for, especially since we would typically not receive a transcript until you have been invited for an on-site interview. At this point we are only looking to ensure you aren’t imminently failing out of school.

If you are concerned about your academic qualifications, don’t include it on your CV (see Section V for more) and don’t bring it up proactively in interviews. Most recruiters will not ask about academics, but it is nonetheless key to think beforehand about how you might answer that question if you get it, especially as it relates to time management-type questions that are more common (see Section VII for more on this).

III. Doing Your Research

A significant amount of your success will hinge on simply having some idea of what you are getting yourself into. The fellowship is a non-traditional path that culminates with most former fellows staying in jobs that represent <5% of all employed pharmacists. The work environment and responsibilities diverge significantly from what most of our training covers and the reality is that most schools don’t offer any information on these kinds of positions.

Not only will you inevitably be asked about why you are pursuing the specialty of the position at hand, you’ll also learn about specialties that you may or may not have an interest in–helping narrow your search. This is one area where starting the pursuit earlier can be beneficial.

How do you learn more? A few ways that I recommend:

  • use your school’s alumni network. If you have a Career Center or Advancement Office they may be able to connect you with some people who have pursued this line of work
  • find people on LinkedIn and message them. You won’t always get a response, but I did fairly frequently and had some great conversations
  • look at program websites; many post names or current or past fellows. Email them and ask to chat
  • organizations like the relatively new Industry Pharmacists Organization has some free resources, including a program directory
  • ask your professors and preceptors; it is virtually guaranteed that one of them has a classmate or friend that followed a non-traditional path

Chances are you’ll meet some cool folks, have some good conversation, and learn mountains about the various available roles. Always end a conversation with “who do you think I should talk to next?” and ride the wave. Don’t be afraid to check in every once in a while, especially with current fellows to ask how their program is evolving. As an added bonus, these conversations may pay dividends if you choose to apply to their program later (that said, beware I-met-the-program-director-once cockiness).

This information will help you work out what specialties you might be interested in (or in my case, open up more possibilities to pursue); here is a brief list of common fellowship foci to get you started:

  • medical affairs (including medical information, medical communications, and other sub-specialties)
  • regulatory affairs (including label, ad promo)
  • marketing
  • health economics and outcomes research (HEOR)
  • drug safety
  • clinical development
  • medical writing

IV. The application process and Personnel Placement Service (PPS)

By now you are probably wondering how this entire process works in the first place. The vast majority (not all) fellowship programs recruit at the ASHP MidYear meeting at a special session called PPS. Registering for PPS costs a little extra and you must be registered for the main MidYear meeting. Practically, attending PPS is a requirement to obtain a fellowship, for better or worse.

Why? PPS is essentially a mini job fair that lives inside the MidYear meeting. Although the majority of programs there are looking for future fellows, many residencies, health plans, and companies recruit through the PPS platform as well.

Here is the floorplan for PPS 2017 as well as a list of exhibitors, for reference.

What happens at PPS?

These programs are at PPS to recruit future fellows and they aren’t beating around the bush about it. Each program is there to interview candidates, usually in 30-minute blocks. There are often multiple rounds, receptions, and possibly other requirements, though these can vary widely by company (so pay attention, as these are generally communicated very clearly). Most programs are looking to determine who they will be bringing for on-site interviews at their company campus.

How do I apply to programs through PPS?

Small aside: the use of the PPS portal is documented extensively on the PPS website itself (and changes slightly every year), so I will not spend a lot of time discussing this. I encourage you to look there for more specific information about the technical particulars.

You can register for PPS when you register for the MidYear meeting and the initial list of available positions becomes available in late October. Keep in mind that positions are continually added over the following month, so you will want to check back every so often to review new additions.

Through the same online portal you can then apply for an interview to one of the positions that you are interested in. The company will review your information and potentially request to schedule an interview with you. If granted, you get a time to interview. If you do well, there may be additional rounds of interviews or other requirements. Generally, you only need a CV to apply for an interview (though this does vary so again, be sure to read the job description thoroughly). I hope you are now realizing the importance of a polished CV now, as that is often the only tool that reviewers have to make an interview determination.

Roughly, the application timeline looks like this:

  1. September: register for PPS
  2. October: the list of available positions first becomes available late in the month
  3. November: identify programs of interest and begin applying for interviews (earlier the better). Program-specific phone interviews. In-person/virtual interviews are scheduled.
  4. December: PPS begins

On-site interviews generally take place anywhere from the week following the MidYear meeting through the end of February, though most take place in January. More discussion of this later.

What are my odds here, really?

We have already seen the 15% figure–but to give you an idea of my experience as a recruiter for my own position last year:

I had 18 first-round interview spots and 10 second-round interview spots, based on the time my team was able to be there. We had 105 applications for an interview at PPS. I phone screened 56 people (an absurd number, in hindsight).

Immediately, the math is obvious: about 1 in 5 people who applied for an interview would ultimately get one at MidYear. About 1 in 10 would get a second-round interview. We interviewed 3 on-site (a typical number; about 1/30) and ultimately selected 1 candidate for the position.

Our other positions were similar and based on my conversations with other recruiters, this is likely a conservative number as my company is a relative unknown compared to many of the ‘Big Pharma’ programs like Eli Lilly; doubly so for those offered through Rutgers and MCPHS.

Lesson: even receiving an interview at PPS is an accomplishment! Is it an uphill battle? Sure! When in doubt refer to Section I.

Second Lesson: a thoughtful, considered story is the foundation of your application materials and sets you up for success in interviews. Be the 15%.

V. Preparing Application Materials

In general, you will only need a CV to apply through the PPS online portal and request interviews. However, most programs will eventually require the following by the time you are at the on-site stage (all of these will be discussed in detail below) and should all be ready by the time you leave to PPS:

  • updated and polished CV
  • letters of recommendation (at least 3, typically)
  • program specific cover letters
  • official academic transcripts

Programs are increasingly interviewing in the weeks immediately following PPS, before Christmas. It behooves you to have your materials well in order beforehand to ensure you are prepared for this possibility. Plus it is just less stressful.

Your Curriculum Vitae, or: How to Make a Good First Impression and Not Shoot Yourself in the Foot

Small aside: resume versus curriculum vitae

The overwhelming majority of companies expect a CV from prospective PharmD fellows while going through this process. Always read the job description carefully for any information to the contrary.

I have read a lot of CVs; honestly, I kind of enjoy it. For many programs, cover letters at the interview application stage though PPS are optional. In this case, your CV is the one item that reviewers can determine whether or not you receive an interview (outside of networking, see Section III).

To repeat: your CV is often the one document that determines whether or not you get an interview. Give it the attention it therefore deserves.

What is amazing, then, is the poor overall quality of CVs that many applicants send out. About 15% of the CVs that I received were clearly never given a second read, with multiple prominent misspellings, unintelligible phrasing, or general poor grammar. Many recruiters will reject these out of hand, no matter how qualified you may otherwise be for the role. Don’t give them that chance!

Although in-depth CV advice is beyond the scope of this article I have written extensively on the subject; click here for an in-depth look (coming soon).

Like I advised you in Section II to step back and ask some important questions of yourself that will inform the rest of the application process, developing a quality CV requires keeping a few key facts in mind:

  1. Time is against you. Reviewers typically give you less than 10 seconds to decide whether it is worth looking further. That time is valuable. Use it wisely.
  2. If you don’t think it is interesting, no one else will. Every word should have a purpose and that purpose is getting you an interview. Brevity is the soul of wit.
  3. A corollary to #2: interviewers often draw questions from your CV. In effect, you have a degree of control over the interview before it even begins! Emphasize things you want to talk about, cut things out that you don’t.
  4. Think about your eyeballs. This sounds weird, but where does your eye go. Draw them where you want them to go so they see what you want them to see.

No matter what: proofread your CV. Have someone else proofread it. Then have a third person proofread it. Seriously.

Don’t be afraid to ask for feedback. They will think of new, potentially interesting ways to say things. They will keep you from saying things that make absolutely no sense. They will make your CV better. Many schools have programs for CV review; worst case (as in Section III) just start asking people you respect. If they say ‘it’s fine’, thank them for their time and then immediately ask someone else.

Small aside: taking feedback on application materials


You will likely receive feedback--constructive and not--from many individuals throughout this process. Be sure to weigh it against their point of view and experience and remember that every piece of advice you will receive is an opinion (including mine!) and that you can take or leave any or all of it. Ultimately, your CV is a reflection of you and your experiences and if you are not comfortable with including a suggested change then simply don't. It is likely that you will get conflicting advice; in nearly every case there are multiple 'pretty good' ways of doing something. Use the one that most appeals to you.

That said--this is not a shield. Any advice is likely given in good faith. Carefully consider any you receive.

More on this in my CV-centric articles here (coming soon).

Letters of Recommendation

Most programs will require that you provide 2-4 letters of recommendation, usually at the on-site stage following PPS. Again, I recommend that you have these ready before PPS begins. Programs often will ask for recommendations from specific types of individuals (e.g. clinical preceptor, industry preceptor, and professor); however, most only expect that you provide a certain number. Be sure to check the job description for details.

Regardless, you should have a variety of possible letters available to you. I contacted 5 individuals (industry preceptor, intern manager [managed care], professor, clinical preceptor, student org advisor) to have those available and had the luxury of choosing which letters were best suited for each program and gave me some redundancy in the event someone was not responsive.

Obtaining a letter of recommendation can be as easy as simply asking. Your managers, preceptors, professors, research or student organization advisors, etc. are all good options. Have a particularly good rotation? Ask them before you leave! I have seen many people panic about this step: chances are you are underestimating yourself. Give careful consideration to who best to ask but if you’re torn, just ask both!

Begin getting recommendations nailed down 6-8 weeks before PPS.

How do I usually get the letters of recommendation to the program?

Unlike the residency application process where there exists a standardized form and a centralized system–letters of recommendations for fellowships are usually e-mailed directly to a representative at the program.

If you are at the on-site stage with a program, you will generally have an excess of guidance (detailed more later). When prompted by the program, simply ask your writer to e-mail the letter to them directly with any guidelines they have laid out. If you have these ready to go in advance, this is a low-stress event. Don’t be afraid to ask for confirmation of receipt!

Program-Specific Cover Letters

There are two distinct phases of cover letter writing that can take place during the fellowship application process:

  1. a letter sent in with your interview request (phase 1)
  2. a letter sent in with your formal application at the on-site interview stage (phase 2)

As detailed previously, a cover letter at the interview request stage is usually optional (check the job description for specifics). At this stage, a good cover letter can help you just as much as a bad cover letter can hurt you. They are rarely read (though I read all of the ones I received); do not worry about not including a cover letter with your applications unless it was specifically requested.

That said, they serve as a great framework to build your program-specific cover letters for the on-site stage.

Like with a CV, there are a few key facts to keep in mind when writing a cover letter:

  1. Time is still against you. At the interview stage, recruiters will generally skim these at best, giving them less time than CVs. The first few sentences of each paragraph are the most important.
  2. Use your story. This is your chance to articulate why here and why me and to figure out how to string it all together. Writing a cover letter is essentially interview preparation. Think elevator pitch and…
  3. Be concise. As with #1, your cover letter should be max ONE page and should generally not be longer than 300-350 words (at most, it can be less!). A wall of tiny text is just another way to discourage people from even attempting to read it.
  4. Don’t make massive, obvious errors e.g. naming the wrong company. Happens every year, like clockwork. Don’t let someone, somewhere get a good laugh at your expense. Proofread your work and double check your attachments.
Small aside on "borrowing":
I was previously willing to provide examples of what I considered strong cover letters until I saw slightly modified (or not) versions of it appearing in applications. While no one is likely to put your cover letter through a plagiarism scanner unless you really mess up, don't be stupid. Do your own work; it will help you refine your story and prepare for interviews. You are hurting yourself long-term.

Academic Transcripts

Contact your registrar for instructions on how to obtain these. Many schools provide electronic versions (easy), others might require that the office mail them to addresses you specify (more annoying). You generally will not need these until the on-site stage, but make a point of checking in to get an electronic copy early.

If your program requires a physical copy be mailed to them, contact your registrar’s office the same day to start this process–the stress of waiting for someone else to mail a transcript is not worth procrastinating until the last minute and depending on your institution, may take much longer than you expect.

VI. Targeting Your Applications and Requesting Interviews

After registering for PPS in September (register early for the discount), it was not until October 24th that the online system opened up and I could actually see the programs available. I had my profile set up and CV uploaded and ready to go.

Small aside: Rutgers and MCPHS. I did not apply through nor have I recruited for Rutgers or MCPHS (nothing nefarious or anything like that, just not worth talking about here. Feel free to contact me). Ample information on their application process exists online. Preparation as detailed here is entirely transferable to preparation for Rutgers or MCPHS programs.

After filtering Rutgers out about 100 fellowship programs remained. After spending about 2-3 hours weighing each of them against my requirements above, I identified 10 programs to pursue further.

Small aside: read the job description already.

I have emphasized repeatedly the importance of reading the job description. Turns out it will contain valuable and important information about the position, including application deadlines and other special requirements. My program set an application deadline a few weeks before PPS to allow time to phone screen and make final candidate selections. The deadline date was stated in bold at the very top and the very bottom. We received (in addition to the above number) an additional 15 applications after the deadline as late as the day after PPS began.

From here, I reached out through my network (see III. Doing Your Research) to see if I could connect with current or past fellows at these programs to ask questions.

Ultimately, I requested interviews from six programs as soon as possible with three sentences in the message box about why, specifically, I was interested in the program.

Small aside: messages along with your interview request.


The relevance of these messages will vary so widely among companies that there simply is not one right answer to the question of whether or not you should be sending something. They might never get read, they could be triaged by someone not affiliated with the program at all, or they could be a sanity check.

My approach: it can't hurt to write something brief. Be specific and succinct. It took 2-3 minutes per application to write a few sentences (max); it might make a difference and it might not.

Regardless: this is not a cover letter. Keep it short. I received several that were >500 words. Let your carefully crafted CV do the work.

How many programs do I apply to anyway?

This is a highly individual question. In part, please review “What are my odds here, really?” above. In short, the numbers are against you, no matter how qualified you are; I need not re-emphasize the importance of not phoning it in with your application materials.

Use what you thought about in Section II to help make this determination.

The results of my very unscientific survey of former fellows has suggested that most people apply to between 4 and 8 programs [2021: creeping upwards, 5-10 due to increasing competition] which I recommend breaking up across 3 “tiers” based on the self-assessed likelihood that you could land a spot based on your strength as a candidate:

  1. aspirational programs that are highly competitive. These are your “reach” programs that should be at or beyond what you think would be reasonable for you to apply to based on your strength as a candidate. You have a small chance of getting these but it would be really awesome if you did.
  2. matched programs. These are programs comparable to your strength as a candidate and you have a decent chance at landing a spot and you would still benefit personally and professionally from participating in.
  3. safe(r) programs. These are solid programs that are newer or less competitive (perhaps in more niche focus areas) where you have a relatively high chance of landing a position.

While I have seen some applicants put in as many as 21 (!) applications, unless you are the world’s weakest candidate I do not believe that this will ultimately help your chances. The reality is that overloading on applications is actually detrimental, as it:

  • decreases the care you take with and lowers the quality of each individual application
  • reduces your ability to properly prepare for each interview and potentially lowers the quality of each individual interview
  • decreases the likelihood that you will have any time to breathe between interviews increasing the likelihood that you are late, out of breath, or unprepared (see Interview Scheduling as a small aside below)
  • dramatically increases the workload and stress level of this already hectic period, which increases the likelihood that you make a stupid, avoidable mistake, like listing the wrong company in your cover letter
  • increases the likelihood of burnout and reduces your ability to focus on the programs that matter most
  • increases the likelihood of interview or reception scheduling conflicts with other programs, requiring you to quickly make distracting, agonizing choices with little information

What many candidates fail to realize is that each application may come with as many as 3-4 interviews, a reception, and potentially even other activities that may be required. With 10 applications, a typical candidate might have 15-20+ individual interviews; much beyond this you inevitably begin to have significant logistic challenges getting places, scheduling interview times, and simply avoiding burnout and bringing your “A-game” to the interviews that matter to you most.

Even considering that most programs are selective about offering interviews at PPS, these are all more reasons to start applying as early as possible once PPS opens. As invitations roll in (or don’t!) you can adapt and apply to more places throughout the cycle if needed, prioritizing those programs that are most important to you.

Work smarter, not harder! Give your self the best chance of success by not overloading yourself so you can bring your best self to each interview.

Small aside: interview scheduling

Try to avoid back-to-back interviews whenever possible. Time slots have 0 minute gaps. Candidates were frequently late or flustered at the very least, attempting to run from one interview to the next and the interview area is larger than you would expect.

When you get a new interview mark the 30 minute time slot on either side of the interview as unavailable on your schedule. This allows you to decompress, prepare, have a snack, go to the bathroom, and get to your next interview early. This was wonderful; I did 5-7 interviews a day with no logistic issues.

Depending on the number of programs you are apply for you may need to allow for some interviews back-to-back; however, the earlier you apply the more likely it is that you are granted an interview when the schedule is wide open.

VII: Interviewing at PPS

Alright you’ve made it this far! Honestly, now we’re getting to the fun part, interviews! If you have spent time with the rest of what has been written here, you have your story, done your research, and you’ve spent time understanding your experiences, motivations, challenges, and successes, this may be fairly straightforward for you.

Two weeks before PPS I re-reviewed all available programs as new ones occasionally appear. None of the new ones interested me so I stuck with the six:

  • Two I was very, very interested in and hit all of my requirements (one-year programs)
  • Two that were a good fit, hitting most of my requirements (one year, one two-year)
  • One that I would be happy with (two-year)
  • One “backup” that I would do well at if I received an offer and felt confident about my ability to make it to the onsite phase (two-year)

This was a risky but calculated approach given my strength as a candidate and the availability of strong plan B and C options.

As an example, my “thesis”–below–supported by a ream of experiences and projects to illustrate

Use my programming and computer science background, marrying clinical training and technical expertise to fill gaps and find unique opportunities.

How can I apply that specifically to an industry career?

Thankfully I already had specific examples of using this in practice in my PDI and at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Big data is a big thing, tying my experience here into business and clinically relevant outcomes were fairly straightforward.

Interview Preparation

What about STAR-based interview questions?

While there are many resources out there that will list many 100’s of STAR-based interview questions and many find it valuable to sit down and write out practice answers for each and every one, I do not recommend you do this. Not only because this is incredible time consuming and your energy is better spent elsewhere, but the tendency is to approach this like memorizing these question/answer pairs like a Top 200 drug list. Not only are the chances high that you are dead in the water when asked a question that you did not specifically prepare for, it is also obvious when you go to recite a memorized answer. Like with most things in pharmacy school (e.g. infectious disease!), it is easier, simpler, and more reliable to establish a generalizable framework that you can then hang the tweaks and exceptions on.

Start by assembling a list of 3-5 situations from your own experience where things did not go perfectly (e.g. disagreement on a group project, time you had 50 things due the same day, etc.). Try writing out your (brief!) elevator speech for each of these situations with the high level details of what happened. Now look at the lists of questions online. With each, ask yourself: which of my situations could generalize to this question? For example, your disagreement on group project could cover dozens of questions ranging from: working with personality difference/difficult person; resolving conflict on a team; would you handle a situation differently with a colleague; building a relationship; adapting under pressure; or discussing a time you failed, etc. etc.

Congratulations, you have now prepared for 90% of all possible STAR-based interview questions. You only need to tweak the framing and the specifics you emphasize to fit the question that was asked. If you know these situations well ( you were there, after all!) you will be confident in your responses.

Here are some example STAR/other questions I can remember getting (paraphrased) [feel free to contact me with others]. There are many readily accessible resources for STAR-based interview questions online as well:

  • You have made a mistake on a project that you delivered to a client. It would be embarrassing to you and the company to bring it up but could affect their work. What do you do?
  • Walk me through the timeline you would use for developing a big presentation due in one month.
  • What are your time management strategies?
  • What are you proud of that is not listed on your CV?
  • What are you most proud of?
  • What do you do to relax/for fun?
  • Are you open to relocating?
  • Where do you want to be/what do you want to be doing in 5 years? 10 years?
  • Tell me about a time where you
    • struggled to balance short and long term goals
    • improved the efficiency of a process
    • dealt with conflict on a team
    • worked well with a team
    • managed a big project
    • made a mistake/failed
  • What was the best team you’ve ever been on? Why?
  • Why not managed care or informatics? (specific to my interests, what I was talking about with computer science as these are plausible alternative careers)
  • What are you looking for in a program (and why do you think we have those qualities)?
  • Tell me what you know about medical affairs/drug safety/other specialty.
  • Biotech is riskier than [big company], are you comfortable with that?

Should I learn more about the companies I am interviewing with?

Absolutely. A baseline familiarity with the company, their pipeline, and recent events that affect them is a big plus (consider subscribing to FiercePharma). This is not because they will necessarily ask questions about these things (though I have of heard that) but because incorporating these into your responses to questions or just in conversation where appropriate shows initiative and if done well, insight and understanding. I included mission and vision statements in my responses whenever I was asked “why us” or similar questions as this was a critical part of targeting these programs in the first place.

Like with the STAR interview questions, be reasonable about this. Do not spend hours upon hours memorizing pipelines and mission statements. This is not a good use of your time. High level is plenty, more energy should be spent seeing what you can tie back to the program, your story, and your reasons for being there.

This is another reason to block time before/after you high priority interviews, as noted previously. Time to skim your notes, take a break, go to the bathroom, and arrive at your next interview early.

Does my CV matter at the interview stage?

Again, absolutely. As mentioned above, many interviewers will draw questions directly from experiences, accomplishments, or other items listed on your CV. If you have carefully constructed your CV to emphasize your accomplishments and minimize extraneous/boring stuff, odds are you will be asked questions about those things that tie in to your story, that you can tie back directly to why you are interested in the position, and can do so confidently. This also helps guide, as noted, follow-up questions which will generally make the interview easier.

Ensure it is polished, bring some copies with you, and know it inside and out. If all goes well, your interviewer should never surprise you with something you wrote on your CV. A question related to your CV is instead a great opportunity to knock it out of the park!

What about an elevator speech?

There is a good chance you have one already! If not, definitely build one. You will get asked questions like ‘tell me about yourself’. This is a softball and something you prepare for well in advance. Like your cover letter, this is your chance to tell your story: to articulate why here and why me and to string it all together. You can also highlight key accomplishments and experiences (the kind of things that tend generate easy follow-up questions) and any other information you would like your interviewer(s) to know about you (e.g. Section II). Practically the entire mass of words up until now has been designed to build you an elevator speech without realizing it.

Like with the STAR interview questions I strongly recommend not memorizing this word for word. When doing this you are more likely to sound stiff and rehearsed. While I acknowledge this is partly a personal preference of mine, I have not encountered many people who can be as open and conversational while reciting a memorized answer in an interview setting.

MidYear: It Begins

I was at MidYear solely for PPS and no other reason. While I did go to some residency showcases just to chat, see Peyton Manning, and go to various CE sessions, my focus was entirely on PPS and my interviews. After checking in to the conference your name badge will have a symbol indicating that you are registered for PPS that people at the door will check (which caught me off guard). There is a small waiting area inside the hall but outside the interview area with tables to rest, recoup, and wait for in-between interviews. Food nearby is expensive (it was Vegas + conference hall after all) so I brought snacks (peanuts, protein bars, etc.).

Prior to the meeting I frequently heard the advice that you are there to get a fellowship and screw everyone else. Personally, I enjoyed many conversations and stories with fellow candidates in the waiting area which I felt helped me be conversational and relaxed in the interview setting. I made a point to stop by the Michigan booth every day and just walked around a bit to get a lay of the land. It is useful to locate each of your booths before your interviews started each day.

The Interviews

All of my interviews were far more relaxed and conversational than I had anticipated. I got a handful of situational/STAR questions but the vast majority started with “tell me about yourself” or “why us” or “why industry” and branched from there. I was careful to emphasize my experiences and what made me stand out (all of those important questions above!) in each of those initial questions and tried to have fun with it. People reflect your energy and enthusiasm in the vast majority of cases and if you know yourself and what you have done things generally flow pretty well. Try to enjoy yourself! Show off a little! I developed software that generates clinical trial abstracts so I brought copies to show my interviewers. Moves like this helped me not only set myself apart but take control of the interview by talking about something I knew well and was comfortable with. Plus it guided follow-up questions!

I made a point to get the business card for each of my interviewers.

Invitations for second round interviews were either by phone, text, or email (always have your phone on you and not on silent except when in an interview for this reason.

I was fortunate: all programs that did second round interviews invited me to one. In each case they were more of the same with different members of their team and generally were more relaxed/conversational than the initial round (about 50% of people get cut at this stage). Usually, about 50% of the interview was time for me to ask questions. This conveniently brings us to:

Asking Questions

While my first round interviewers usually made 3-5 minutes for asking questions, my second rounds were much more focused on my receipt of information about their program (it really is a two-way street). It goes without saying that logistic and compensation questions (how long is the program, where is it, how much $, benefits etc.) are off the table. These are either basic, answered in information you should already have (e.g. in the PPS listing) or are simply not the type of questions that most interviewers will consider appropriate at this stage. Focus on questions that let you assess whether the fellowship is a good fit for you and your development. For example: quality of life, where past fellows have ended up, mentorship and leadership opportunities, and subjective questions that each interviewer can respond to, including:

  • Who makes up the team I would be working with?
  • What kinds of cross-functional work might I be doing?
  • What are some stand out qualities of past fellows?
  • Tell me about a time someone in your program blew you away.
  • Will I have the opportunity to precept students?
  • What would my relationships with leadership and management look like?
  • Does this program aim to retain fellows? If not, where do they go?
  • What appeals to you most about the work that you do?

And the list goes on and on. Ask follow-up questions. Honestly not thinking too hard about this helped me a great deal. My goals were to assess the openness of the company to new ideas, its innovative spirit, the opportunities for horizontal development, and what cross-functional work looks like. Reading between the lines on the answers to any question will tell you more than what the response is–it is pretty easy to tell when someone is simply stating the party line and when someone is genuinely excited about what they do. Think about what is important to you and come up with half a dozen questions that will help you assess that (go back to the qualities of your ideal program!); the rest will work itself out!

Thank You Cards

I did not send thank you cards after PPS. I went back and greeted whoever was around the booth and chatted very briefly thanking them for the great interview (with specific things that we talked about) and how excited I was to hear from them again. Some people deliver cards onsite, others mail them following PPS. Considering how fast the turnaround is for getting onsite interviews it seemed more sensible to me to go chat in person wherever possible. I specifically avoided emails at this stage on the advice of friends who had successfully navigated this process and interviewers who said that these generally get deleted immediately. Although I read the ones I received this is undeniably true in most cases. Engage to your comfort level but be careful not to overdo it.

VII: On-site Interviews

Hearing About On-site Interviews

Generally, you will hear about onsite invitations within 24-48 hours of PPS ending, earlier if a program stops interviewing earlier or you are stand out candidate. Of the six programs I applied to, I received five onsite invitations, three of which were by phone before I got on the plane to come home. One was by email the next week; the last was by phone the following week. Many programs will email you to let you know that you were not selected to continue, but this is not common. I did my best to not hold my breath too hard (though it is hard not to be nervous!).

I should note that none of my programs had selective receptions that I was waiting on invitations for, unlike most Rutgers programs. For those programs if you do not receive a reception invitation by the second or third day of PPS it is a good indication that you are likely out of the running.

Completing Any Additional Applications

A handful of programs (not all), having made it to the onsite stage, requested a formal application, letters of recommendation, transcripts, or other documentation. These were all due the week following PPS and were not time consuming or stressful provided that you have your letters of recommendation ready to go. Most of them were online (either emailed or through an HR portal). Clear instructions were provided for all steps so no worries there!

Scheduling On-site Interviews

Each program that I was invited to sent an email with additional details within a few days of the invitation, detailing available days, times, and other relevant information. You will generally have 2-3 days to choose from for scheduling interviews and things can get fairly cramped as there can be overlap between programs. In my experience, everyone was willing to work with me to fit everything in.

This brings up an important point: if you have made it to this stage of the process with a company they are very interested in you. You are one of their top 5-10% of candidates! Do not be afraid to ask if there is a scheduling conflict or other issues that arise. They understand that you are pursuing other opportunities! Everyone that I worked with was wonderful and bent over backwards to make sure everything worked out schedule wise!

All of my travel, hotel, rental cars (when needed), meals, and incidentals were paid for by the company I was visiting. Flights were arranged through an agency that I was instructed to call in each case (they already had my information!) that allowed me to select my preferred airline and provide my frequent flyer information. Hotels were prearranged and specific instructions for reimbursement for other expenses were provided in each case. Even though the company is paying for it, you are expected to provide a credit card when checking out a rental car or checking in to a hotel.

In each case I was given an itinerary for the day listing each person that I would be meeting, for how long, details on the presentation I was expected to give, and any other logistic information about the day.

Preparing for On-site Interviews

In addition–while there are no rigorous statistics to support this–I estimate that a typical successful fellowship candidate receives between 2-5 onsite interview offers. I also suspect, but have no hard data, to support the likelihood that a relatively small proportion of top candidates receive the majority of on-site interview slots. There were multiple other candidates that I encountered at separate on-site interviews.

Keeping in mind that anyone interviewing you on-site (and spending $1,500+ for the privilege) is interested in you, it is doubly important to show the same courtesy. I found any information I could about each interviewer listed on my itinerary, made sure I knew in depth about the company’s mission, vision, ongoing trials, products I would likely be supporting, and other details (this is where you should go in depth!). I had enough thank you cards packed for each person (not prewritten!), copies of my CV, and plenty of mental preparation. I made sure I fully understood the logistic arrangement for the interview day (is there a shuttle? Am I driving? If so how long does it take to get there? Parking? Where am I getting breakfast in the morning?) and baked in extra time for potential problems.

I took the time to reach out to current fellows by email (remember those business cards?) to ask questions and get a better feel for the program overall. It is the holidays, so don’t freak out too much if they do not respond or cannot set up a time to talk on the phone. This is an optional, extra step.

Onsites generally happen either the week before Christmas (for some MCPHS programs) or the weeks following the holiday. Mine were from January 3rd through the end of the following week, with one “on-site” over the phone with the managing partners of one company. I had no issues with travel, lodging, or any other arrangements, but the HR representatives were all very responsive when I had questions (mostly about the rental vehicles!).

The Onsites

With preparation the onsite interviews were actually one of the easier parts of the process. Each company was a little different but all of them followed the itinerary to a tee and were largely focused on getting to know you as a person, what your goals are, and assessing your fit based on what the program has to offer. As one of my interviewers put it while I was there

“The fact that you are here at all indicates that you can absolutely excel at this job. Everyone we have invited here today will no problems. This is a matter of learning about who you are, what you want, and how well it aligns with our goals and what we have to offer you.”

As part of the process in each case I was meeting senior leadership (VP, Director level), the team I would be working with, current and past fellows, and sometimes just other interested parties. Since I knew a little about each of them going in it was much easier to get started on a strong foot. Time absolutely flies by–all 4-8 hours of interviews (lunch was provided when needed!).

With the exception of one interview at one onsite I felt like the team was genuinely interested in getting to know me and I actually had quite a bit of fun.

Remember, if you have made it to this stage: they want to hire you. Be yourself, have fun, and ask questions. This is about you finding a program that is right for you, not just a program! At this stage it is appropriate to ask more questions about living arrangements, the city, what they do for fun, logistic things like the commute and public transportation, etc. Compensation is still of the table.

The Presentation

An object of dread by many fellowship and residency applicants, the presentation was unquestionably the most stressful part of each interview day. Each of my programs provided specific details about what they were looking for and they were conveniently very similar: ~15 minute presentation on an industry relevant topic. This will vary from company to company, so keep a close eye on exactly what you are being asked to do; don’t hesitate to ask follow-up questions. Generally, a PowerPoint was suggested and I was usually asked to send it to a coordinator ahead of time.

I developed a presentation specifically for this purpose, but many people have successfully used presentations that they have given before. I used a topic that was more relevant for companies in the oncology space, but still applicable elsewhere. Where possible, an ideal presentation does more than show off your speaking skills:

  • Allows you to showcase your knowledge, interests, or projects that fall outside the scope of your CV or what might come up in an interview
  • Allows you to highlight your hook, tell your story, and importantly, tie these in directly with the business and patient-care interests of the company
  • Is a topic you know well and are comfortable discussing outside the scope of my presentation and answering questions about, and lets you be the expert in the room
  • Lets you show people what you’re made of!

Speaking of the audience, in each case it was between 10 and 20 people, usually all of my interviewers plus a handful of other individuals. They were always a good audience, attentive, and asked thoughtful (but not overly difficult) questions afterwards. After about 5-10 minutes of answering questions I was shuttled to my next interview. In one case I was provided a rubric, stating that I would be graded on the quality and organization on content, speaking style and delivery, as well as ability to answer questions. Many programs do this similarly.

Waiting

Following each onsite interview I either sent thank you emails to each of my interviewers or mailed them a personalized thank you card based on the decision timeline. Sooner: email; later: letter.

This waiting period is the absolute worst part. After you’ve completed onsites (though you may have some stragglers) and your hand is down it is only a matter of keeping your phone on you at all times and waiting. I made a point of asking when I could expect to hear back at each onsite.

I will not lie: there was some intense self-reflection and considerable stress during this time. I was waiting on bated breath with every phone call carrying with it the potential to be a great or terrible moment. This is normal. It is not fun. But you will get through it!

Each program called me with either a “no” (which I appreciated just the same) or a “yes”, which is obviously the preferred option!

Handling Offers

If you are lucky and receive an offer, congrats! I was lucky in that the timelines for my interviews and offers worked out very well: I heard within a week about all of the programs I applied to.

It doesn’t always go this smoothly: generally, you will have 3-5 business days to accept or decline the offer. One of the most common questions I receive is related to the anxiety about receiving an offer from a second or lower choice program well before having the chance to interview or receive an offer with a first choice program. My response to this is always bird in the hand. For those unfamiliar with this ancient idiom:

…having something, even if it is a lesser quantity, is better than taking the chance of losing it in order to attain something else that seems more desirable.

My recommendation here is built on the premises established throughout this article, that you did your research and only applied and agreed to interview with solid programs that would benefit you personally and professionally. Done correctly, even your last choice at this point should still be a good option. Once again, please refer back to What are the odds here, really? There is a non-trivial chance that your interview with your first choice program goes great and you are still not offered the role. Now you have ended in a situation where you have nothing.

That doesn’t mean there aren’t mitigation strategies. Depending on the relative timing you can request an extension on the offer expiration date that allows you some more time to decide and potentially interview with your first choice program. The company you are asking may say yes, but don’t be offended if they tell you that the date is the date, either. Remember that they are also competing for exceptional applicants and they may not be able to afford the time if you are not interested. If you manage to interview with your first choice, be sure to let them know that you have other offers on the table and if they are interested in you they will need to move quickly. I have heard many success stories for people presented with this situation. Be transparent about this to avoid wasting anyone’s time.

If your first choice interview is further out, you might also consider contacting your first choice program and ask candidly–“I have other offers but I am still very excited about your program. What do you think is realistic to expect from interviewing with you?” Emphasize that you received an offer but still think of their company as a better fit and importantly, articulate why you believe that this is the case. Ask them if it is possible to provide a decision on your candidacy more quickly. If they agree and they can accelerate their timeline that says a lot about them and how they feel about you as a candidate. Worst case, you will get some additional information that could help you make this difficult decision.

No matter what happens, I strongly recommend that you do not accept an offer and withdraw it later. This is quite rude, reflects poorly on you, and is a huge headache for the sponsor. Particularly with later withdrawals (e.g. past most interview dates), a program may no longer have candidates available, meaning the position remains unfilled that year or could even close permanently.

Small aside: negotiating fellowship offers

Generally, there is absolutely no room to negotiate fellowship offers; most offers are "take it or leave it". If you did open a negotiation, consider that you generally have zero leverage with no relevant experience. The reward tends to be low given typical fellow salaries and generous benefits. On top of this, many of these programs have no flexibility like they would be a 'normal' hire, especially for programs with multiple positions or those affiliated with academic institutions.

Ultimately, the risk is high (see What are my odds here, really?) and the upside is relatively low. Unless you have multiple offers and you are a very strong candidate you are unlikely to make much headway in a negotiation.

Accepting Offers

Thankfully, my first choice offered me a position and I could not be happier! I accepted on the phone and received the offer materials later that same day. Once you accept an offer, be sure to notify any programs that you have upcoming interviews with that you are withdrawing your application. This allows them to invite someone else in your place which is good for everything. Now you can celebrate! Congrats!

Wrap Up

Phew, that is a lot. Hopefully my journey helps you navigate your own! If you know yourself, have engaged in your work in pharmacy school, and can get excited about the work you will be doing in a non-traditional role, I have every confidence that you will get through these stressful few months a better, gainfully employed pharmacist! Have additional questions? Consider contacting me.

Other things to consider: all the programs I applied for did not require becoming licensed, only that you hold a PharmD. It is never a bad idea to get and maintain your license (it will only get harder to pass the exams the longer that you wait). Be sure to ask your program what their requirements are if you are considering not becoming licensed.

Be sure to thank your friends in the Advancement Office and Career Connections for all of their help over the years!

Additional information can be found on program specific pages and many, many other sources. For those you who attend the University of Michigan, please consider Dr. Kraft’s class P3 year is invaluable, as are most tips about interviews relevant to residency applications.